Where Rivers Shape Lake Superior’s Shores
Lake Superior, the largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area, is fed by over 200 rivers, streams, and brooks. Among them, some major rivers, like the St. Louis River, the Pigeon River, and the Bad River, flow into its waters, creating diverse ecosystems that thrive along its shores. These rivers are considered estuaries and they play a vital role in draining the surrounding land, providing water to the lake, and supporting the delicate balance of life in the region.
What Exactly is an Estuary?
Estuaries are fascinating ecosystems where rivers meet larger bodies of water, creating unique zones that support an array of plant and animal life. In Lake Superior, freshwater estuaries mix river waters with the lake’s pristine waters, unlike typical estuaries that connect rivers to salty oceans. These estuaries, such as the St. Louis River Estuary, are ecological gems, playing critical roles in filtering pollutants, providing habitats for diverse species, and maintaining the overall health of Lake Superior.
Lake Superior Estuarium – a place to learn and play
Located in Superior, Wisconsin, near Barker’s Island, the Lake Superior Estuarium is an interactive hub dedicated to educating visitors about the diverse ecosystems of the Great Lakes, particularly the freshwater estuaries that feed into Lake Superior. Through engaging exhibits and hands-on activities, visitors can learn about the region’s rivers, wetlands, and the wildlife that thrives within these important ecosystems. The Estuarium is a must-see for anyone eager to understand the environmental significance of the estuaries and their role in preserving the health of the lake.
The St. Louis River Estuary
One of the most notable estuaries feeding into Lake Superior is the St. Louis River Estuary. This vibrant natural mixing zone supports a variety of wildlife, from majestic bald eagles and herons to playful otters. Beneath its surface, prized fish like walleye and northern pike make this area a haven for anglers. Whether you’re kayaking, canoeing, or simply relaxing along the shoreline, the St. Louis River Estuary provides an unforgettable escape into nature.
Paddle Through Nature: Discover the St. Louis River Estuary National Water Trail
The St. Louis River Estuary National Water Trail is a hidden gem straddling Duluth, Minnesota, and Superior, Wisconsin. With 11 scenic loop trails designed for paddlers and boaters of all skill levels, this trail is the perfect destination for outdoor adventurers. Explore the largest freshwater estuary in the nation while being just minutes away from urban conveniences.
Ready to plan your trip? Visit stlouisriver.org/national-water-trail for maps and trail details. Learn more about the incredible ecosystem at Lake Superior Reserve and discover how this trail connects recreation with conservation.
Manoomin (Wild Rice) on the St. Louis River
Wild rice, or manoomin as it is known in Ojibwe, is a culturally, ecologically, and historically significant plant found in the St. Louis River Estuary. This native aquatic grass thrives in the calm, shallow waters of the estuary, where it plays a vital role in supporting the region’s biodiversity. The wild rice of the St. Louis River Estuary is more than just a plant—it’s a symbol of resilience, tradition, and the intricate connections between the people and nature of the region.
Cultural Importance:
- Ancestral Food Source: Wild rice has been a staple for Indigenous communities, particularly the Ojibwe people, for centuries. It holds deep spiritual and ceremonial importance, representing a gift from the Creator.
- Harvesting Traditions: Each year, the rice is carefully harvested by hand using traditional methods involving canoes and rice knockers. This process is sustainable and ensures the plant’s continued growth.
Ecological Role:
- Wildlife Habitat: Wild rice beds provide crucial habitat and food for waterfowl, fish, and other aquatic species. Ducks, in particular, rely heavily on its seeds as a food source during migration.
- Water Quality: The plant helps stabilize sediment in the estuary, reduces erosion, and improves water quality by absorbing excess nutrients.
Threats and Conservation:
- Environmental Changes: The health of wild rice in the St. Louis River Estuary has faced challenges from industrial pollution, invasive species like cattails, and fluctuating water levels.
- Restoration Efforts: Conservation groups, tribes, and local organizations are working together to restore wild rice habitats in the estuary. These efforts include reseeding programs and controlling invasive plants to protect this vital species.
Other Estuaries and Sub-Estuaries near Superior, Wisconsin
These areas together enhance the region’s ecological richness, providing essential habitats for fish, birds, and plants while supporting both recreational activities and conservation efforts. Here is a partial list:
- Allouez Bay – A shallow bay rich in wetlands and biodiversity, forming part of the St. Louis River Estuary near Lake Superior.
- Superior Bay – A key connection between the St. Louis River and Lake Superior, known for its scenic waters and birdwatching opportunities.
- Pokegama Bay – (pictured above) A sub-bay of the St. Louis River Estuary featuring rich wetlands and habitats for various species of fish and birds.
- Kimballs Bay – A tranquil area along the St. Louis River, offering calm waters and important wetland habitats.
- Nemadji River Mouth – Where the Nemadji River meets the St. Louis River Estuary, contributing to the region’s ecological diversity.
- Connors Point Lagoon – A small lagoon that enhances the estuarine environment, supporting wetland ecosystems and wildlife.
- Brule River Estuary – An important estuary on the western shore of Lake Superior, where the Brule River empties into the lake, supporting critical habitats for fish and wildlife.
- Amnicon River Estuary – The Amnicon River flows into Lake Superior near Amnicon Falls State Park, contributing to the natural beauty of the area and supporting a diverse ecosystem in the surrounding wetlands.
Big Manitou and Little Manitou Falls – Worth the Trip!
Nestled in Pattison State Park near Superior, Wisconsin, the Big and Little Manitou Falls are stunning natural landmarks that contribute to the health of the local ecosystem. Big Manitou Falls, Wisconsin’s tallest waterfall at 165 feet, and Little Manitou Falls with its peaceful 31-foot drop, are key features of the Nemadji River, which flows into the St. Louis River Estuary. The falls, while not part of the estuarine system itself, help maintain water quality and habitat health in the broader watershed. Their power and beauty make them a must-visit for anyone exploring the area.
Native Americans believed the voice of the Great Spirit echoed in the roar of the falls, naming them “Gitchee Manitou.”
Captivating and Gram-Worthy!
Superior offers the perfect mix of adventure and serenity, no matter the season. Here’s why you should plan your visit:
- Adventure Meets Relaxation: Start your day hiking to Manitou Falls, then unwind with a calm paddle through the estuaries.
- Nature’s Contrast: Feel the power of water cascading over cliffs at the falls, then enjoy the peaceful, life-sustaining balance of the estuaries.
- Endless Photo Ops: From the misty spray of waterfalls to the mirrored reflections of trees in estuarine waters, every moment is a perfect shot for your social feed.
